Reading Test Dummies - NY Times OP/ED

By E.D. Hirsch, Jr.

In his recent education speech, President Obama asked the states to raise their standards and develop “assessments that don’t simply measure whether students can fill in a bubble on a test.” With the No Child Left Behind law up for reauthorization this year, the onus is now on lawmakers and educators to find a way to maintain accountability while mitigating the current tendency to reduce schooling to a joyless grind of practice exams and empty instruction in “reading strategies.”

Before we throw away bubble tests, though, we should institute a relatively simple change that would lessen the worst effects of the test-prep culture and improve education in the bargain.

These much maligned, fill-in-the-bubble reading tests are technically among the most reliable and valid tests available. The problem is that the reading passages used in these tests are random. They are not aligned with explicit grade-by-grade content standards. Children are asked to read and then answer multiple-choice questions about such topics as taking a hike in the Appalachians even though they’ve never left the sidewalks of New York, nor studied the Appalachians in school.

Teachers can’t prepare for the content of the tests and so they substitute practice exams and countless hours of instruction in comprehension strategies like “finding the main idea.” Yet despite this intensive test preparation, reading scores have paradoxically stagnated or declined in the later grades.

This is because the schools have imagined that reading is merely a “skill” that can be transferred from one passage to another, and that reading scores can be raised by having young students endlessly practice strategies on trivial stories. Tragic amounts of time have been wasted that could have been devoted to enhancing knowledge and vocabulary, which would actually raise reading comprehension scores.

To read the entire article, click here:

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/23/opinion/23hirsch.html?_r=1&ref=opinion

E. D. Hirsch Jr. is the author of “The Knowledge Deficit: Closing the Shocking Education Gap for American Children.”

Thanks Mark for sharing this with me!

What Are the Reading Skills Middle Schoolers Should Be Mastering?

Enhancing Comprehension: Reading Skills in Middle School
Look for these signs of progress in your ever more sophisticated and independent reader.

By Marie Faust Evitt

Middle school is the time your child develops the sophisticated reading skills that allow him to analyze literature and master the content of the entire curriculum — social studies, science, math, health, and foreign languages. Reading becomes a powerful tool to find information, make sense of complex material, and find enjoyment in literature and popular media.

"Reading instruction is heavily frontloaded in the early years," says North Carolina State University reading professor Barbara Fox. "By middle school, all the hard work pays off and children should have the skills in place to be able to use reading for study and pleasure."

Middle-school instruction therefore focuses on refining and strengthening existing skills. Key components are:

Strategic reading

Comprehension

Vocabulary

Speed

Writing skills

Strategic reading: Your child needs to learn how and when to skim and when to study thoroughly. She doesn't have to read an entire book about space exploration if she only wants to find the date of the first lunar landing.

Likewise, she has to develop different reading strategies for mastering the content in her U.S. history textbook, analyzing Lord of the Flies, or breezing through Sports Illustrated. And she needs to know which words are the most important for understanding the meaning of what she's reading.

Reading milestones:
* Reading with a purpose, knowing when it's important to understand every detail and when she can read quickly for pure enjoyment
* Reading selectively, scanning chapter headings and introductory sentences to find necessary information
* Skimming a chapter in a textbook to form an overall impression — what is the topic? Is it familiar?
* Checking the table of contents and index to determine if a book is relevant to a topic
* Determining when it is important to stop and figure out the meaning of a word she doesn't know, and when it's okay to keep reading

Comprehension: Grappling with the deeper meaning of a text will strengthen understanding. Good readers are continually questioning themselves.

Reading milestones:
* Getting below the surface of facts on the page and evaluate critically
* Drawing conclusions about why certain things happened
* Considering cause and effect
* Connecting new information to other knowledge and personal experience
* Understanding point of view
* Reading actively, asking himself, "What do I already know about this topic?" "What do I need to learn?"

Vocabulary: One of the key differences between a good reader and a poor reader is vocabulary, says reading expert Louisa C. Moats, co-author of Straight Talk About Reading. Poor readers often have "heard of" a word but lack depth, breadth or specificity in word knowledge. For example, Moats says, one student defined "designated" as "sober" from the association with the term "designated driver."

Effective vocabulary study involves more than memorizing definitions. Claire Koukoutsakis was impressed when her son Nicholas's teacher assigned his eighth-grade class to use spelling and vocabulary words in group skits. "I thought it was a cool way to really learn those words and make them stick," she says. And the kids enjoyed it, too.

Reading milestones:
* Using new words correctly in her writing
* Using knowledge of prefixes, suffixes, and base words to expand her vocabulary
* Mastering the vocabulary of different content areas

Speed: Poor readers are usually slow even after they become accurate. To build speed, your child needs to read a lot of text at a level that is easy for him to comprehend.

Reading milestones:
* Reading for pleasure
* Getting hooked on books by the same author
* Reading fast enough to do homework in a reasonable amount of time

Writing skills: Written responses to reading can greatly enhance comprehension. Writing improves when your child practices answering specific questions and researching new topics.

Milestones:
* Linking sentences into organized paragraphs
* Writing clear, coherent, and focused essays including formal introductions, supporting evidence, and conclusions